Lightspeed

This book tells the human story of one of man’s greatest intellectual adventures – how it came to be understood that light travels at a finite speed, so that when we look up at the stars, we are looking back in time. And how the search for a God-given absolute frame of reference in the universe led most improbably to Einstein’s most famous equation E=mc2, which represents the energy that powers the stars and nuclear weapons. From the ancient Greeks measuring the solar system, to the theory of relativity and satellite navigation, the book takes the reader on a gripping historical journey. We learn how Galileo discovered the moons of Jupiter and used their eclipses as a global clock, allowing travellers to find their Longitude. And how Ole Roemer, noticing that the eclipses were a little late, used this to obtain the first measurement of the speed of light, which takes eight minutes to get to us from the sun. We move from the international collaborations to observe the Transits of Venus, including Cook’s voyage to Australia, to the achievements of Young and Fresnel, whose discoveries eventually taught us that light travels as a wave but arrives as a particle, and all the quantum weirdness which follows. In the nineteenth century, we find Faraday and Maxwell, struggling to understand how light can propagate through the vacuum of space unless it is filled with a ghostly vortex Aether foam. We follow the brilliantly gifted experimentalists Hertz, discoverer of radio, Michelson with his search for the Aether wind, and Foucault and Fizeau with their spinning mirrors and lightbeams across the rooftops of Paris. Messaging faster than light using quantum entanglement, and the reality of the quantum world, conclude this saga.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Early Ideas

Chapter 2 Ole Roemer, Who Started It All

Chapter 3 Measuring the Cosmos Parallax and the Transit of Venus

Chapter 4 James Bradley, Sailing on the Thames

Chapter 5 The Nineteenth Century Light Beams Across the Rooftops of Paris

Chapter 6 Faraday and Maxwell: The Grand Synthesis

Chapter 7 Albert Michelson and the Aether Wind

Chapter 8 Einstein: The Great Clarification

Chapter 9 Radio and Telecommunications: Spacecraft

Chapter 10 Faster-than-Light Schemes: Quantum Reality